自從最高法院作出意涵豐富的Griswold v. Connecticut案的判決之后,最高法院對(duì)諸如“隱私”的未列舉權(quán)利的表述不可避免地導(dǎo)致了“隱私”在自由領(lǐng)域的殖民趨勢(shì),并帶來了在隱私的政治和社會(huì)基礎(chǔ)與作為個(gè)人權(quán)利的有關(guān)“隱私”的說明之間的混淆-下面是更多關(guān)于connecticut的問答
發(fā)布于:2020-07-11 17:09
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法院明確承認(rèn)隱私權(quán)一個(gè)判例是1965年的Griswold v. Connecticut (381 U.S. 479 (1965)) 。在那一案件中,最高法院宣止避孕的制定法無效,因?yàn)樗址噶穗[私權(quán)。道格拉斯大法官寫作了判決意見,主張“權(quán)利法案所開列的保證書有自己的陰影地帶,它的形成來自支撐權(quán)利法案存在與主旨的保證條款的發(fā)散”。[2]于是,盡管憲法根本沒有提到隱私權(quán),但它是第一、三、四修正案所保護(hù)和服務(wù)的價(jià)值(在第一修正案中體現(xiàn)為對(duì)集會(huì)權(quán)利的保護(hù))。道格拉斯大法官回到了第九修正案的文本,“本憲法對(duì)某些權(quán)利的列舉,不得被解釋為否定或忽視由人民保留的其他權(quán)利。”顯然,他是支持如下考慮的:盡管文本自身的明確所指是缺席的,但這些陰影地帶的權(quán)利受一項(xiàng)或幾項(xiàng)修正案的保護(hù)。此外,在該案中,寫作判決書的 道格拉斯以及參與附議的其他三位大法官都沒有訴諸沃倫與布蘭代斯所提出的隱私權(quán)。美國(guó)的司法運(yùn)作與自然法理論之間存在距離,而第九修正案的有效性依據(jù)的是(可稱為)對(duì)民族精神的司法反省。道格拉斯大法官在判決中訴諸于歷史和第九修正案來發(fā)現(xiàn)憲法中的“隱私權(quán)”!暗诰判拚傅恼Z言和歷史表明,憲法的起草者相信不受政府侵犯的別的基本權(quán)利的存在,它們獨(dú)立于前八項(xiàng)憲法修正案所具體規(guī)定的基本權(quán)利。有人認(rèn)為諸如婚姻關(guān)系中的隱私權(quán)這樣的基本且根植于美國(guó)社會(huì)的權(quán)利是可以遭到侵犯的,這一主張完全漠視了第九修正案以及作用。進(jìn)而言之,如果有司法解釋稱鑒于前八項(xiàng)修正案或別的憲法條款沒有作明確規(guī)定,這一基本權(quán)利不受憲法保護(hù),那么,這一解釋就違反了第九修正案……我并非認(rèn)為,第九修正案構(gòu)成的不受州和聯(lián)邦政府侵犯的權(quán)利的獨(dú)立淵源。我的看法是,第九修正案表明了憲法起草者的確信,即:存在著前八項(xiàng)修正案未明確列舉的基本權(quán)利;表明了他們的意圖,憲法對(duì)權(quán)利的列舉并不是窮盡的!币虼耍M管道格拉斯的意見不試圖將第九修正案視為憲法保護(hù)(constitutional guarantees)的獨(dú)立淵源,但的確認(rèn)為它指示說,——法院的職能在于否決立法和行政機(jī)關(guān)侵犯其他基本權(quán)利的行為。 直到最高法院在Griswold v. Connecticut案中依據(jù)婚姻關(guān)系中的隱私權(quán)作出有爭(zhēng)議的判決之前,對(duì)隱私權(quán)的憲法保護(hù)并沒有超出普通法所認(rèn)可的侵權(quán)行為的范圍。從修正案的文本和及其起源[3]來看,第九修正案不過是一個(gè)解釋規(guī)則,表明權(quán)利法案在沒有列舉的領(lǐng)域不具有增加聯(lián)邦政府權(quán)力的意涵,而其本身并不是權(quán)利的保證抑或針對(duì)侵權(quán)的禁令。然而,在Griswold v. Connecticut案中,第九修正案已經(jīng)被解釋為有關(guān)權(quán)利存在的積極主張;那些權(quán)利存在于“未書寫的憲法中”,雖未得以列舉但受其他條款保護(hù)。另一方面,在本案中持異議的布萊克法官在其異議的一個(gè)腳注中,抨擊了多數(shù)意見,認(rèn)為他們不該將普通法權(quán)利提升到憲法的位置。布萊克法官注意到了自然法意涵上的有關(guān)隱私權(quán)的證明,評(píng)論道:“我注意到了判決書中的這樣一句話,‘在此,隱私權(quán)迫切要求獲得承認(rèn)。’我不能理解,本院何以有權(quán)將沃倫與布蘭代斯基于侵權(quán)發(fā)上的救濟(jì)所探討的權(quán)利提升到憲法規(guī)則的層面,以至于最高法院要運(yùn)用這個(gè)規(guī)則來禁止州的立法機(jī)關(guān)制定其視為干預(yù)‘隱私’的任何法律”。
最佳貢獻(xiàn)者
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美國(guó)法律到底有沒有規(guī)定不能墮胎
這屬于州法范圍。各州法律不一。也就是說,有的州可以,有的州不可以。當(dāng)然也都各有許多其它情況。3
row versus wade 指的美國(guó)什么墮胎案?
我也是看到這個(gè)視頻來尋找答案的、、、4
美國(guó)歷史上著名的羅伊訴韋德案引發(fā)的思考:
為什么?5
英美文化考題~英語大蝦進(jìn)~追加分
Civil and political rights are a class of rights ensuring things such as the protection of peoples' physical integrity; procedural fairness in law; protection from discrimination based on gender, religion, race, etc; individual freedom of belief, speech, association, and the press; and political participation. Contrast with economic, social and cultural rights. Civil and political rights are included in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and elaborated upon in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.The theory of three generations of human rights considers these to be first-generation rights, and most (but not all) of them are considered to be negative rights.Examples of civil rights and liberties include the right to get redress if injured by another, the right to privacy, the right of peaceful protest, the right to a fair investigation and trial if suspected of a crime, and more generally-based constitutional rights such as the right to vote, the right to personal freedom, the right to freedom of movement and the right of equal protection.Laws guaranteeing civil rights may be written down, derived from custom, or implied. In the United States and most continental European countries, civil rights laws are most often written. As civilizations emerged and their laws were formalized through written constitutions, some of the more important civil rights were granted to citizens. When those grants were later found inadequate, civil rights movements emerged as the vehicle for claiming more equal protection for all citizens and advocating new laws to restrict the effects of discrimination.Implied rights are rights that a court may find to exist even though not expressly guaranteed by written law or custom, on the theory that a written or customary right must necessarily include the implied right. One famous (and controversial) example of a right implied from the U.S. Constitution is the "right to privacy", which the U.S. Supreme Court found to exist in the 1965 case of Griswold v. Connecticut. In the 1973 case of Roe v. Wade, the court found that state legislation prohibiting or limiting abortion violated this right to privacy. As a rule, state governments can expand civil rights beyond the U.S. Constitution, but they cannot diminish Constitutional rights.