1

xxՈP(gun)˾l(qun)ݱ^@յĆ}ҿҪ(yng)ԓ֞ɂ⣬(qun)̈́^(qun)ָǷЌ(qun)(qun)С݄tָǷʵۓٹ̵ĄҪ댢˰@ɂw҂ȏƽ_ʼv

һһһλ

Ҫ_˽ԞǬ¡سoﵓ.ͫ|coﵓ.՞HֵܣСؚһһ䣬¼.Tϵf(xi)kW(xu)ʿ̲Е˶֮(jng)ّ(zhn)o(sh).^ǰcǬ¡P(gun)ϵϸУǵصصĸǬ¡һТtʺ󸻲丸o(sh)Ǭ¡ٝ顰Ԫcһ¹.鸵ñ˸֮L(fng)ڽ𴨵ȴС(zhn)o(sh)

һ¹.㮋

šߵͅ^(q)

峯Ǭ¡g_ʼƷ͡Ʒʮ˼ɞ鶨^Ʒʮ˼š֞ƷÿƷģzong֮ҷ֞ġ;ɷNģʽƷԽһƷϵŚcfǹšfǾλ@ЩƷڹrı]ʽšoՄЌ(qun)

ˮ(dng)У¼.L1717꣨ʮ꣩³ԭ{̧뵽֮һ죬mڕ丸˶؞鿵ӺǬij뢣sͶP峯؅^(q)(zhn)ϴչKһ߹ӢW(xu)ʿһƷȥһSM޶y(tng)һƷϯ܊C󳼣moƷϵʵ۽

¼.

ʣ˻̎һgΣͫ|1750ա17541754ͫ|Ψһijһ_ʼСؚ̰mڌW(xu)ړ(dn)ճU̎l(wi)r{Լ”ǞǬ¡pRD(zhun)ʵۃx̏ģԴ_نTͨһ߹AW(xu)ʿһƷI(lng)l(wi)(ni)󳼣һƷ幫ƷI(lng)܊C󳼣ȥİ𣩵š

cֺͫ|P(gun)ϵdzһW(xu)һ(x)䣬1777꣨Ǭ¡ʮ꣩PʽʽSֵ˛_h‘(zhn)o(sh)vιЕһƷĴһƷ̫̫һƷ1796꣨ΑcԪ꣩ȥ׷Ǭ¡ٛһȹƷΑcH󱻳

Ǭ¡Մ

F1767꣨Ǭ¡ʮ꣩uTξšғ(dn)l(wi)ǬT̶ɣĶƷ{ɹŸy(tng)Ʒڽ֮C׃_ˬx֮ºRڣKI(lng)l(wi)(ni)󳼣һƷӢW(xu)ʿһƷ܊Cͬrɞ峯һλHX_֮ǰͱؐӾλ֮ڳ걼eڳɼK1796꣨ΑcԪ꣩²܊;H43qǬ¡ʹʧ׷ٛ¿㕣oĪİs

(j)šƷAľw^(q)֣҂yЌ͵ģͫ|ctyֲ֮@ôf˶λO˳Ԟ(ni)woȺ(dn)I(lng)܊Cij탞(yu)ՓǰܵߵĴλеһ



fƷفг˺ͫ|֮Ԟ䌢\Ϻͫ|һIڌH;l(f)չλ䌢࿿܊ͫ|ąsǴX{ԼĿڲŌǬ¡ۺÈFFD(zhun)ƽƵͬrҲֲԼĄՓеطԡM¡@һcλԇ@硣

@ҲǞ1789꣨Ǭ¡ʮ꣩ؾmȻϯ܊C󳼣(dng)rͫ|Hͨ܊C󳼣ԄһIҲKδܶ^Ѭĺ(dng)Ȼ߀һҪԭ䌢(zhn)oϾ얹ͫ|ʼKһֱǬ¡(c)Ȼռ(j)˵쪚ă(yu)qҲпԭ

ͫ|

СY(ji)

CƷλس飺cͫ|yֲ٣Մλس飺ͫ|ա

(dng)ȻĸλĽY(ji)ցͫ|ڸԿǰǰ…s|˵һ؝ī811|ɰyˁfƐжՓ

ǡʷͰٕһYĚvʷԣJ(rn)ҵĻشgӭҶP(gun)ע֧xxλ

ؕI
2

աǬ¡r䌢ͫ|tǬ¡ʵԵһ(qun)܊(qun)ʮrgǬ¡ȥHΑcʵ۱Σ؝ۺӋ˃|ɰySƷ(dng)r峯һtֻǧfɣȢǬ¡Ůڔ֮ܰg֮rʮq



3

Ǭ¡ʵۈ(zh)ʮF(xin)T౻Ԕ?sh)س?qun)^͢񡢶̩졤Ǭ¡кڵĺͫ|𡢸𲽰l(f)չɞ(qun)AҰλO˳Ǭ¡ʮͫ|˵;߶ȵõ¡

ͫ|ߪ܊y(tng)I(lng)Ty(tng)I(lng)ɞ鳯֮س

ӢW(xu)ʿԺ¡Еϕλ@

ڴС֮һ(zhn)ppۻᡢ{(dio)M޶y(tng)nϽTR@ڼ֌܊ʽ_ʼԼĂ

Ǭ¡ʮԺ󣬰Գ͢س(jng)Ǭ¡Qoͼֵy}طby(tng)ĸLv͸hx͢o˺ͫ|;l(f)չęCǬ¡ʮ꣬ڰxI(lng)܊CλӴW(xu)ʿεһɞ͢C(w)ٝҪ֮һسͬrɞĴɶ܊ͫ|tߪI(lng)l(wi)(ni)ԺЕI(lng)Еͬr„(w)

Ʒȁͫ|һƷƷ峯نTƷ֮ߵஔ(dng)ڬF(xin)ɲ͵λhںͫ|͸Еĺͫ|ָڿ挢܊ĸ

Ǭ¡ʮY(ji)ʮkB(ti)ھ̎(w)˕rİȻI(lng)܊CW(xu)ʿλεһϵ͢^һ֡˕rĸ{(dio)΃ɏVͫ|tߪAW(xu)ʿI(lng)Е׺ͰƽƽעǬ¡ʮĺͫ|“(lin)ܺŻܺ͸γƽ֮Ҳf˕rѽ(jng)ؙ(qun)ĺͫ|^֮܊ʥ¡ĸ߀ࡣ

Ǭ¡ʮͫ|ijҰλõMһͬrѽ(jng)(wn)ӳ͢oȡ֮۵Ą;߶ȵõͻԕxӢW(xu)ʿӷJ¹I(lng)l(wi)(ni)λƷѽ(jng)@Խ˺ͫ|

Ǭ¡ʮ꣬mȻмcͫ|ȻǺͫ|ɑtǬ¡ʵƸxؐӾλɞһ֮@˕rĺͫ|Ǭ¡ʵ۵֮λmȻ֮w(qun)ѽ(jng)oܼ

Ǭ¡ʵ۶UλڻʮԺȻι̰ѳֳ˕rĺͫ|ͬz(qun){ڼΑcʵ֮Qʵۡ^ΑcԪ¸܊Αc°Ժͫ|ŵԏص׷_ɞ鳯Пo˸c֮o(zhn)(qun)ݺ͵λڡ

Ǭ¡֮ǰͫ|ڳеę(qun)ݵλmȻ^̕ԽAΣӲӲձ(qun)܊Lĸ^Űͫ|ֻǬ¡ʵ۽B(ti)Ķ͸Ըcͫ|飬мc֮

īIʷ塷匍䛡[ͤs䛡

4

شҌͫ|İώıǬ¡gĴ؝ٺͫ|

ôʵ߅Ĵtͫ|ę(qun)ݵλʲôӵ

׌҂úͫ|Fͺһһ

һһšĴ

@Ă˶Ǭ¡r_˂˵픷Ҳ̎ͬһr

҂֪⽨һֱ뼯(qun)Ľy(tng)ӺrO(sh)܊C̎ʹ뼯(qun)֪ͨ_픷塣

ՓšĴСF܊C󳼵I(lng)֪࣬Ǹͺͫ|@ɂ˶܊CĩľǺͫ|ĵܵܺˣmȻҲǬ¡rڵĸ߹DzcǰᲢՓ

һĽM

˵ijͫ|ͺΣԺ^Ǭ¡ʺֶ

Ăg@ҪLͫ|Տgρfͬg

֮γԼǰھ٣ӑ錢܊뾩ɞϯ܊CfĄMDZ^ȫҳm(x)rgL

ͬӵͺҲǏI(lng)̰l(f)Eˑ(zhn)һ峯Ǭ¡rڙ(qun)

ͫ|ͬĂΨһһšI(lng)̵^@@ǺԼĸͫ|ͬһ

һȻʵ۵ĺۣ

@ׂ˲Փ͙CĶΆΏǬ¡ϲg̶ȁf(yng)ԓǡʶʎL܉Efͫ|Ăе^ѽ

ͫ|һ]κΑ(zhn)Ҳ]@յļͥľǬ¡ϲһϡһ֮f֮ϡĵز

Ǭ¡ɞ̫ϻʛ]@Εrgͫ|SۡķQ^

ͨ^ϵı^J(rn)ͫ|Ă_˙(qun)@յĵزֻdzm(x)ĕrg]кLͱΑcʰˣ

xiaoZʷLLm֪ԙMȤccgӭP(gun)עһҚvʷе

5

ͫ|Flę(qun)λߣ

P(gun)ںͫ|F˵ę(qun)ݵλ^Է֙(qun)̈́݃ɂ^^(qun)ָǷЌ(qun)(qun)С݄tָǷʵۓٹ̵Ą

һ

ͫ|F˽ԞǬ¡سҺͫ|c՞Hֵһһ䣬ؚ֮

Tϵf(xi)kW(xu)ʿ̲Е˶֮(jng)ّ(zhn)o(sh)

^ǰcǬ¡P(gun)ϵϸǵصصĸǬ¡һТtʺ󸻲ϣ丸o(sh)Ǭ¡ٝ顰Ԫcݡһ¹.㣬鸵ñ˸֮L(fng)ڽ𴨵ȴС(zhn)o(sh)

šߵ

峯Ǭ¡g_ʼƷ͡Ʒʮ˼ɞ鶨

ˮ(dng)¼.L1717һ߹ӢW(xu)ʿһƷȥһSM޶y(tng)һƷϯ܊C󳼣moƷϵʵ۽

ʣ˻̎һgΣͫ|1750ա17541754ͫ|Ψһij{Լ”ǞǬ¡pRһ·نTͨ߹AW(xu)ʿһƷI(lng)l(wi)(ni)󳼣һƷ幫ƷI(lng)܊C󳼣ȥİ𣩵š

‘(zhn)o(sh)vιЕһƷĴһƷ̫̫һƷ1796꣨ΑcԪ꣩ȥ׷Ǭ¡ٛһȹ

FºRKI(lng)l(wi)(ni)󳼣һƷӢW(xu)ʿһƷ܊CǬ¡׷ٛ¿㕣oĪİs

(j)šƷAľw^(q)҂yЌ͵ͫ|ctyֲ٣֮@ôf˶λO˳Ԟ(ni)woȺ(dn)I(lng)܊C󳼣ij탞(yu)ݣՓǰܵߵĴλеһ



fƷفг˺ͫ|֮Ԟ䌢\Ϻͫ|һIڌH;l(f)չλ䌢࿿܊ͫ|ąsǴX{ԼĿڲŌǬ¡ۺÈFFD(zhun)ƽƵͬrҲֲԼĄՓеطԡM¡@һcλԇ@硣

@ҲǞ1789꣨Ǭ¡ʮ꣩ؾmȻϯ܊C󳼣(dng)rͫ|Hͨ܊C󳼣ԄһIҲKδܶ^ĺá

CƷ֣λس飺cͫ|yֲ٣Մλس飺ͫ|𡢸

6

xՈfһšvʷҕöҕĄ鶼̓(gu)

գͫ|HܵǬ¡ĵ֣A^ͫ|˓Pԣ՛]Ǭ¡ͼΑcض҄Ӻͫ|ͫ|Œϣͫ|֮؝XؔsǬ¡׷ܴغ͵ܵܺP(gun)(dng)꣬ձΞʷҰl(f)S`yo(j)Sֱίȥ߅AM΄(w)Ҳ┳ʵ۸ϲǬ¡վһٌ܊{(dio)ܸﶼίǂ˲



171797գ17971010գ֏V͢¼MǬ¡eˣv猢܊ЕЕ۹ӢW(xu)ʿϯ܊C󳼣ƽ(zhn)ʹС׿сyνy(tng)ñСƽxҕSӛQ㺣̡v猢܊ЕЕӢW(xu)ʿϯ܊C

@λ܊ϵĸɲţ^ğoһoڶ˶׿

峯һǵ˵DžsܵĴСܵǬ¡ϲĸMʌmǬ¡H{(dio)̸Lĸ{ԼIJܺǬ¡ې^;һ·ƽ̹é]ĸͮ(dng)һl(wi)ڑ(zhn)ϑ(zhn)@@׌ʵیӚgϲؐ׷鿤һsеľλ@ͿԿĵλж

ͫ|šҪŚкͫ|ącͫ|ûʵ۵ϲۣ֮Oͫ|ڳеĵλ^峯ԁY(ji)֮rһеһAܸߣ(qun)ܴšλ֮Vͫ|ļͫ|P(gun)ϵҲܵǬ¡ϲʵیŮ޽o˺ͫ|ăӣ@ͫ|Ǭ¡P(gun)ϵ͸MһH

ͺͫ|ؓ؟(z)I(lng)ͬһĹ٣һ䌢ŚAρfƴ^ͫ|ͫ|һ·£ǂؔһ}IJ܌Ǭ¡Ďܴ󡣸ͺͫ|˶δW(xu)һšͬһƷǺͫ|ҪҪȸĶ ôľλρf϶ƴ^ġ֮󱻷ؐӣ󱻷鿤߀uƵľλ@ѽ(jng)һѽ(jng)׃ͫ|?һȹ@ǴܵõλˡmȻǬ¡cHP(gun)ϵǮͺͫ|]ʲôɘӡǵľλп@ҪȺ̫ˡ Ǭ¡ĽǶȳl(f)?Ǭ¡͸˵P(gun)ϵnjֶǃ˵ĸH縸Сͱʵۮ(dng)ɃӁB(yng)ͫ|?Ǭ¡pRͫ|ͫ|ӑûʵ۵ϲgΣ@ɷNDzܱȔMһǸcӣһǵcP(gun)ϵ ӲҪfͫ|͸lę(qun)ݴ󣬺yǬ¡(qun)o˺ͫ|sҫλo˸fՓ(qun)ݙ(qun)Сͫ|^

7

ͫ|Ǭ¡ŵسҲһ̖؝ę(qun)λҲ@աͫ|Hһ䌢(dng)س֮Ҳһλ\֑͡(zhn)׿䌢˶ӢŲ܊СҲһλ䌢(qun)ݲλҲߡ

8

һһ

Ļش

Γl(f)Ĵ𰸡ʾͬ҂ķ(w)l